Rung Five
All evidence
Rung 4 · Strong

Coffee

Probably lowers liver and endometrial cancer risk.

PreventionYou can do this

What studies found

The World Cancer Research Fund rates the evidence that coffee lowers liver and endometrial cancer risk as probable. In 2016 the WHO's cancer agency found no evidence that coffee causes cancer. For prostate, 16 cohorts linked heavier drinking with about 9% lower risk.

The catch

Observational. Very hot drinks above 65 °C are a separate risk for esophageal cancer.

What to do

No need to start, but regular or decaf coffee is fine to keep drinking. Let it cool a little.

Sources

Rung 4 of 5, Strong: At least one large randomized trial, or very large consistent studies, on this exact question. How we score

To take it to your doctor, print this page.

Step by step

For the whole picture, from prevention and screening to treatment and life after, see the prostate cancer page.

Related

Every option we rated