May lower risk
Leafy greens and other non-starchy vegetables
spinach, lettuce, peppers, green beans. Vegetables & fruit.
- Verdict
- May lower riskSome studies point to lower risk, but it isn't confirmed.
- How sure
- Rung 2 · LimitedFew, small or conflicting human studies, or only indirect measures such as blood markers.
The rung shows how sure the science is, not how big the effect is. How to read these ratings
Cancers affected
Head and neck, esophagus, lung in smokers, ER-negative breast
What the evidence shows
Rated limited but suggestive evidence of lower risk for these cancers by the World Cancer Research Fund.
What to do
Eat them daily as part of the overall pattern.
Sources
To take it to your doctor, print this page.
Step by step
For the whole picture, from prevention and screening to treatment and life after, see the breast cancer and lung cancer pages.