May lower risk
Citrus fruit
oranges, grapefruit, lemons. Vegetables & fruit.
- Verdict
- May lower riskSome studies point to lower risk, but it isn't confirmed.
- How sure
- Rung 2 · LimitedFew, small or conflicting human studies, or only indirect measures such as blood markers.
The rung shows how sure the science is, not how big the effect is. How to read these ratings
Cancers affected
Upper stomach (cardia)
What the evidence shows
Limited but suggestive evidence of lower risk, per the World Cancer Research Fund.
What to do
A reasonable everyday fruit choice.
Sources
To take it to your doctor, print this page.
Related
Every food we rated, or follow one cancer step by step: breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and prostate cancer.